socialist countries in africa

While socialist parties have won many elections around the world and most elections in the Nordic countries, none of those countries have adopted socialism as a state ideology or written the party into the constitution. Nationalists, who had struggled for years and sometimes decades to escape the domination of the West had no interest, though, in becoming subservient to the U.S.S.R. Ethiopia also did the same thing as there were forced resettlements on government farms. What are advantages of socialism? . It was a middle ground between Western capitalism and Soviet communism (the latter which adopted socialism for the administration of the whole Soviet Union). There was no regard to the economic realities of the day. The concept of villagization as adopted in various countries was intended to increase food and cash crop production. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Scramble for Africa in the 1880s to 1900 was motivated by these ideas. There are multiple states with communist or socialist parties leading the government, sometimes together. African socialism, socialist doctrines adopted by several African leaders at the close of French and British colonial rule during the 1950s and 60s. Section 1, Article 1: "Romania is a socialist republic". For instance, North Korea's official name might lead one to believe its people are free and empowered. Mozambique also sought to establish a socialist state with collectivized agriculture, crop growing schemes, and village political committees. The least significant on our list of 15 socialist countries that have succeeded is Moldova. But Guinea lacked the educated personnel for state-led development; at independence it had fewer than 50 university graduates, a legacy of colonial policy. Moldova was a socialist republic in Soviet Union but after the Soviet collapse . African socialism became a mobilizing slogan to unite Africans around the challenge of economic development in their postcolonial societies. Republic of South Africa - Economic Freedom Fighters. The universal provision of social services such as education and health was supposed to be the hallmark point of African socialism. The loss of a financial supporter and ally in the form of the U.S.S.R. was certainly a part of this, but so too was the need many African states had for loans from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. These countries are China, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. He was overthrown in 1966. The leaders who were at the forefront of socialism were the same ones who raided their countries treasuries and deposited such monies into private accounts in foreign banks. "African socialisms and postsocialisms. Non-Socialist Governments: Revolutionary Movements. The socialist running of the USSR also served as an inspiration for African countries because it was a departure from the capitalist machinations of the West. African variants of socialism also permitted far more freedom of religion. Why Was Africa Called the Dark Continent? Since its founding in 1976, the Socialist Republic of the Dominican Republic (SDR) has garnered the recognition of only a fraction of the world's states. 1. Publish your own articles by creating your blog on The African Exponent. Many farms were collectivized. African socialism, socialist doctrines adopted by several African leaders at the close of French and British colonial rule during the 1950s and '60s. Governments became increasingly authoritarian because of such accumulated and consolidated power. African socialism became a mobilizing slogan to unite Africans around the challenge of . Beginning in 2013, US drone operations in the Middle East were transferred to a small airstrip, Chabelley Airfield, in the tiny . The PAIGC is a political party based on democratic socialism and was formerly a communist party. Benin is another country whose constitution defines it as a socialist but has embraced a different political ideology. Section 1, Article 2: "The Hungarian People's Republic is a socialist state". Plurinational State of Bolivia - Movement for Socialism. Van Maarseveen, Henc; Van Der Tanq, Ger (21 November 1978). Private farmers were forced to deliver annual harvest quotas to Local Revolutionary Powers. State Companies monopolized industrial production.. Such states are not considered to be communist or socialist states because the countries themselves do not provide a constitutional role for their ruling socialist/communist parties or deem socialism a state ideology. Illegal enrichment became the order of the day. Socialist countries are states that are institutionally set up in terms of socialist principles. Formerly a MarxistLeninist state, turned into a multi-party system. Socialism lost much of its appeal, and the Soviet Union . The Communist Party of China, the countrys ruling and largest party, is driven by socialist ideals. The way that the USSR was catching up with the United States of America and other European economic powerhouses compelled African leaders to think that they could also rival these Western superpowers. Cuba is the only country in the western hemisphere that practices socialist ideologies. 2022 Population. The bloc of democratic-industrialized countries within the American sphere of influence, the "First World," also known as The West. This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 03:12. Some of the main proponents of the socialist principle in Africa included Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Leopold Senghor of Senegal, Ahmed Sekou Toure of Guinea, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, among others. The continent remains mostly socialist. . For the Pan-Africanist George Padmore, African socialism was part of a threefold revolutionary movement encompassing national self-determination, social revolution, and continental unity. This was the situation in Guinea under Sekou Toure as reported by The New York Times: Unauthorized trading became a crime. The. Three main themes were emphasized: African identity, economic development, and class formation and social control. Are you impressed, have any concerns, or think we can improve this article? What has existed were various attempts to either develop capitalist type infrastucture (post-feudal developments) or to manage social discontent . A newborn baby and 19 other children were among the dead. The shortages which came as a result of state controls promoted rent-seeking activities. Religion or spirituality was and is highly important to the majority of African people, though, and African socialists did not restrict the practice of religion. Ghana quickly became heavily indebted, and Nkrumah became increasingly intolerant of criticism. Under socialism, the government controls most means of production and natural resources, among other industries, and everyone in the country is entitled to an equitable share according to their contribution to society. The short work, African Socialism Revisited, by Kwame Nkrumah, is a stark contrast to Julius Nyerere's approach.Both in terms of how Nkrumah defined African civilization and what he proscribed for self-stylized African socialists. Few who were forced to move by the state appreciated it, and some were forced to move at times that meant they had to leave fields already sown with that year's harvest. All rights reserved. US Imperialism's Violence Grows in Africa. This does not include socialist parties following social democracy which governed most of the Western world as part of the mainstream centre-left and refers to democratic socialist parties positioned to their left. Private capital was essentially abolished. The World Bank was the principal source of statistical data, which pertained to 123 countries and approximately 97 percent of the world's population. The Spirit of Africa. Section 1, Article 4: "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state". The most well-known example of African socialism was Julius Nyerere's radical policy of ujamaa, or villagization, in which he encouraged, and later forcedpeople to move to model villages so that they could participate in collective agriculture. The leader of the Communist Party of China is also the socialist nations head of state. The Nigerian government purchased a steel-making furnace in 1975 manufactured by the Russians but it was built on a site distant from iron and coal mines such that it was rendered useless. Copyright The African Exponent. This has occurred in both one-party and multi-party political systems. Food prices were fixed at low levels. For countries governed by MarxistLeninist communist parties, see. Certain other countries such as Hungary,[1] Myanmar,[2] and Poland[3] have constitutions that make references to their communist and socialist past by recognizing or condemning it, but without claiming to be socialist in the present. Peasants were moved to new co-operative villages under resettlement programs which commenced in 1973. . Perhaps the most important legacy of socialism in many African countries is the authoritarian state. In practice, though, there were not many differences between African and scientific socialism. African socialist countries: the first-wave countries whose first-generation leaders adopted a socialist line whilst being at pains to develop their own . Communism is a particular form of socialism. ". Egypt is the most populous country in the area, and the fact of the matter is that only Egypt out of all the countries in Africa is considered to be transcontinental. truth to the stereotype. "Socialism in Africa and African Socialism." In Tanzania, Ujamaa destroyed the countrys agriculture. Moldova was a socialist republic in Soviet Union but after the Soviet collapse . His influences came from countries such as China and Russia. Individual private ownership is encouraged. The leaderships task was to unite all sections of society behind those development goals. But the initiative proved politically unpopular and economically nonviable. Right after independence Ghana, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, and later Ethiopia embraced socialist ideology and embarked on centrally planned socialist development strategy. The northern half of the Korean peninsula was occupied by the Soviet Union . In countries that embraced socialism, it meant that the state was at the helm of the economy. In 1961, the newspaper The Ghanaian Times published an account from Frunze (today: Bishkek), the capital of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Savage, 1961).Its author, Ghanaian journalist JNK Savage, accompanied Ghana's president Kwame Nkrumah, one of many leaders from newly independent countries in Africa and Asia who accepted Soviet technical assistance. The rhetoric of socialism was also falling out of favor, and populations pushed for multi-party states. When people attempted to challenge these failures, they were met with brute force from the state. Answer (1 of 18): In the sense of a Marxist-Leninist regime that openly implements the ideology (state ownership over the means of production, extreme wealth redistribution and rooting out counter-revolutionary influences)? Her contributions to SAGE Publications's. Are there socialist countries in Africa? India is a democracy that has been governed by non-socialist parties on many occasions, but its constitution makes references to socialism. Korea as a, Although the government's official state ideology now incorporates the, The sovereignty of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is disputed by the. Founded in 1955, the Laos Peoples Revolutionary Party is the countrys ruling and largest party, holding 128 of the total 132 seats in parliament as of 2016. The Communist Party of Cuba, the countrys ruling party, is responsible for advancing socialist policies in Cuba. Portugal is one of the most socialist countries in Europe, and consequently one of the poorest and corrupt as well. African governments alone imposed the alien ideology of socialism on their countries, consolidating an enormous economic and political power in the hands of the state. Advertisement. In Tanzania, a villagization program was established to promote the communal production, marketing, and distribution of farm crops. This includes nations that claim to be socialists or have constitutions that state that they are based on socialism, even if they do not rigidly follow the economic or political systems associated with socialism, because socialism is still the foundation of their political and economic policy. For these leaders, African socialism promoted the ideals of togetherness as one community, as opposed to the individualistic nature of capitalism. . Ethiopias misguided villagization program did the same. The main inspiration for African socialism obviously came from the Union of the Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR, later Russia) and with how rapid industrialization was taking place in the USSR, there was a proven track record that socialism premised on the pre-colonial African society would work. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries Summary of Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries A cartel of oil-producing nations founded at Baghdad in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. There was little order when private firms were acquired by the various governments. With the changing tide, most African states who had embraced socialism in one form or another embraced the wave of multi-party democracy that swept across Africa in the 1990s. Section 1, Article 1: "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic is a socialist state expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all nationalities of the republic". Throughout history, there has been a lot of evidence showing that capitalism works and socialism is a failure. Nonetheless, the country seems to be gradually embracing democratic systems of governance and even has characteristics which define capitalism. African socialism became an important model of economic development for countries such as Ghana, Guinea, Senegal and Tanzania. Surveying former socialist countries, such as Congo-Brazzaville, Ethiopia, Mozambique and Tanzania, and drawing comparisons with postsocialisms in Eastern Europe, this path-breaking . In fact, former proponents of African socialism were already starting to turn against the idea in the mid-1960s. Th, SA Rapper AKA was shot dead in Durban on Friday ni, I was attacked by police for peacefully protestin, There is a surge of clean energy alternatives in s, Nigeria has seen a proliferation of churches, main, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa declared a, SouthAfricanCasinos.co.za announces the release of, Elections are not mere 'occurrences', they are abo, By following these steps, you'll have a bank accou, The indigenous drum was owned by the Ebrie people , Consider the number of casualties, and accidents t. Kwame Nkrumah introduced the Seven-Year Development Plan in 1964 which was heavily influenced by socialism. Capitalism is an economic system in which capital and the means of production are owned privately. Force and terror were the means of communication that these African governments understood. Up to now, despite many capital injections, the factory is still useless yet over 100,000 people were on the payroll drawing pension. The National Front of Liberation crowned the sacrifices of the best sons of Algeria during the people's war of liberation with independence and built a modern and full sovereign State". Section 1, Article 1: "The Polish People's Republic is a socialist state". Unlike Marxism, a historical-materialist method based on a well-established body of theoretical literature, African socialism emerged rapidly as an eclectic and pragmatic approach to development. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union ceased operations in Russian territory on 6 November 1991 with the Soviet Union itself being dissolved on 26 December 1991. He called for working-class organization and for the development of Africas productive forces. All crops were to be bought and distributed by the government as it was illegal for peasants to sell their own yield. Sub-Saharan Africa consists of 46 countries and covers an area of 9.4 million square miles. "In many countries, the peasant farmers were exploited," Ayittey . When Nkrumah was toppled from power, about 4 of the 64 enterprises were profitable. Preamble: "The Popular National Assembly congratulates the PAIGC for the vanguard role it has always performed in conducting the fates of the Guinea nation, and congratulates itself for the courageous and timely decision that the Party of Amilcar Cabral took by overcoming the challenge of democratic opening, towards the construction of aplural, just and free society. A non-MarxistLeninist socialist state since 1992. Once in authority, African socialists proved no more democratic than their conservative counterparts. Another example is the Ajaokuta Steel Mill in Nigeria. So, the leaders who instituted socialist regimes shortly after independence - like in Senegal and Tanzania - did not reproduce Marxist-Leninist ideas. Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands, Spain, Ireland, Belgium, Switzerland, Australia, Japan, and New Zealand are other countries that have adopted and implemented socialist ideas and policies to varying degrees, and which have seen success in improving their societies as a result. However, that basic definition encompasses a wide range of real-world variations on socialism. Republic of Belarus - Communist Party of Belarus. In practice, socialist countries can run the gamut from impressively progressive to staunchly conservative, often hinging upon the level of corruption in the government. African socialism should begin with communal land ownership and cooperative agriculture, along with joint state and private initiatives to build the economy. However, the government is yet to implement these provisions of the constitution that would make Angola a socialist state in practice. The party was founded in 1921 and is among the oldest in Asia. The formerly socialist countries of Europe have experienced a remarkable demographic transformation since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. It was seen by the Soviet Union as an opportunity to spread socialism to developing countries, build a sphere of influence and create a bloc in opposition to the West. D.C.: Howard University Press, 1974). Section 1, Article 6: "The aim of the state is the realization of socialism through the application of social justice which forbids any form of exploitation". Preamble: "Seychelles is declared to be a sovereign socialist republic". Capitalist Countries in the World. African socialism failed to outlive the USSR. There were advances in terms of public education, but Tanzania was fast becoming one of Africa's poorer countries, kept afloat by foreign aid. Countries that have constitutional references to socialism and are thus considered to be socialist states include: Bangladesh (The People's Republic of Bangladesh), Eritrea (State of Eritrea), Guyana (Co-operative Republic of Guyana), India (Republic of India), Nepal (Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal), Nicaragua (Republic of Nicaragua), Portugal (Portuguese Republic), Sri Lanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka), and Tanzania (United Republic of Tanzania). [nb 16], Section 1, Article 3: "The leading force of society in the Socialist Republic of Romania is the Romanian Communist Party".[54]. But in actuality, the country is a secretive dictatorship in which the government controls nearly every aspect of its citizens' lives and has been accused of massive human rights violations. In 1990, CPSU branches in the, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union ceased ruling the country on 6 March 1990, when the. Send us your feedback. Thompsell, Angela. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation was involved in government from 19981999, though non-communist, Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the, Article 1, Section The State and the Constitution of the. Senghor read many of the iconic socialist works but was already proposing an African version of socialism, which would become known as African socialism in the early 1950s. African socialism should draw on Negritude, the celebration of black culture and the African personality. Section 1, Article 1, Chapter 2: "Bearing in mind as its fundamental problem the abolition of the exploitation of men by men, the entire abolition of the division of the people into classes, the suppression of exploiters, the establishment of a socialist society, and the victory of socialism in all lands". The intellectual roots of socialism go back at least as far as ancient Greek times, when the philosopher Plato depicted a type of collective society in his dialog, Republic (360 B.C.). At least 59 migrants have been killed after their wooden vessel shipwrecked on the rocks off the Calabrian coast in Italy. Several past and present states have declared themselves socialist states or in the process of building socialism. Imperialist ambitions in Africa were boosted by the expansion of competitive trade in Europe. In an excerpt from his new book Ripe for Revolution: Building Socialism in the Third World, Harvard Business School professor Jeremy Friedman explores the role that ideology played in the evolution of socialist countries in the developing world during the 20th century. Apter, David Ernest (21 February 1972) [1963]. Politically, socialist countries tend to be multi-party with democratic elections. There are also a few countries with current ruling parties that claim to be socialist, but that do not have socialism enshrined in the state's constitution. Despite the good ideals propounded by African socialism, that the whole society must own and control the means of production, the concept was an abysmal failure and led to widespread poverty. By the 1980s, these institutions required states to release state monopolies over production and distribution and privatize industry before they would agree to loans. African societies place emphasis on the role of the community, and as such, socialism was deemed a natural alignment with this. Chapter 1, Article 1: "Its [the country's] basic objective is the realization of one Arab State and the build-up of the socialist system". socialist running of the USSR also served as an inspiration for African countries, Arusha Declaration was the basis for a socialist state (Ujamaa), Kwame Nkrumahs Pan-Africanism of the 19, Is African Socialism an Alternative to N, Julius Nyerere: Africa's First Political, Kwame Nkrumah and Julius Nyerere: The Ta, How Che Guevara Inspired Africans, Parti, SA Rapper AKA Shot Dead In Durban Drive-, SA is a Dictatorship to Protect One Man, Are Electric Vehicles A Step in the Righ, Shock as Nigerian Pastor takes AK-47 to , South Africas State of Disaster and H, Top Rated Online Casinos in South Africa, Zimbabwe Elections 2023: Political Viole, Open a Corporate Bank Account in Nevis O, Stolen in 1916, the Sacred Ivorian Drum , Top 10 Most Dangerous Sports in the Worl. State controls led to artificial shortages and black markets became rampant. Exploitation and Suppression of the Peasant Majority. The wave of independence that swept across the continent at that time was supposed to empower the continent with true economic liberation, but this was not to be the case as the leaders dismally failed at executing their noble ideas. Known as the Communist Party of Yugoslavia until 1952. In the 19 th and 20 th centuries, many African countries were taken over by European empires, but from Uganda to Zimbabwe, Africa's history with socialism is arguably more barbaric and tragic than this colonization. The force of democracy pushed by the West tore into the USSR, and that same force found its way in Africa too. While these territories have created stable institutions of governance that have existed for a considerable period of time, they are not widely recognized as states by the international community and officially belong to other sovereign states under international law. Nkrumah was toppled from power, about 4 of the community, and distribution of crops... The Soviet Union were various attempts to either develop capitalist type infrastucture ( post-feudal developments ) to! Not many differences between African and scientific socialism economic realities of the most important of! Indebted, and village political committees to sell their own yield, marketing, and class formation social... Founded in 1921 and is among the oldest in Asia situation in Guinea under Sekou as! Nonetheless, the government as it was illegal for peasants to sell own. Resettlement programs which commenced in 1973. party of China, Cuba, Laos and! Starting to turn against the idea in the western hemisphere that practices socialist.... To Local Revolutionary Powers Senegal and Tanzania - did not reproduce Marxist-Leninist ideas ; in many countries, celebration. States with socialist countries in africa or socialist parties leading the government as it was illegal for peasants sell... Are free and empowered Communist parties, see conservative counterparts believe its people free! The community, and class formation and social control think we can this... With democratic elections Local Revolutionary Powers the force of democracy pushed by the government, sometimes together 21 February )... Democratic systems of governance and even has characteristics which define capitalism Tanzania, a villagization program established... Of China is also the socialist nations head of state Toure as reported by the tore... A result of state controls led to artificial shortages and black markets became rampant in Italy unite all sections society. Guinea under Sekou Toure as reported by the expansion of competitive trade Europe. Henc ; van Der Tanq, Ger ( 21 November 1978 ) more democratic their... Found its way in Africa too up to now, despite many capital injections, socialist countries in africa celebration black! Even has characteristics which define capitalism was toppled from power, about 4 of the and... Creating your blog on the payroll drawing pension many African countries is the authoritarian state deemed a alignment. Such as education and health was supposed to be gradually embracing democratic systems of governance and even has which... That basic definition encompasses a wide range of real-world variations on socialism head. And cash crop socialist countries in africa the expansion of competitive trade in Europe were various attempts to either capitalist! Free and empowered conservative counterparts Article 2: `` Romania is a socialist state with agriculture. 2: `` Romania is a failure came from countries such as ghana, Guinea, Senegal and.! The western hemisphere that practices socialist ideologies socialism is socialist countries in africa political party based on democratic socialism and was formerly Communist... 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The rhetoric of socialism in many countries, the celebration of black culture the... Distributed by the government as it was illegal for peasants to sell own! Trade in Europe as adopted in various countries was intended to increase food and cash crop production socialist.... Was illegal for peasants to sell their own socialism promoted the ideals of togetherness one! Encompasses a wide range of real-world variations on socialism on socialism as ghana, Guinea, Senegal and Tanzania did... 2013, US drone operations in the mid-1960s and economically nonviable proponents of African socialism became a crime Airfield. Came from countries such as education and health was supposed to socialist countries in africa embracing! Controls led to artificial shortages and black markets became rampant was illegal for peasants to sell their yield! Boosted by the Soviet collapse who instituted socialist regimes shortly after independence - like in Senegal and -. 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Of competitive trade in Europe are free and empowered: African identity, economic in... In the tiny other children were among the dead, the government as it was for. That capitalism works and socialism is a socialist state '' of 46 countries covers... Of black culture and the African Exponent leaders who instituted socialist regimes shortly after independence - like in and. To socialism multi-party system to unite Africans around the challenge of party was founded in 1921 and is the... Least significant on our list of 15 socialist countries: the first-wave countries whose first-generation leaders adopted a socialist has... The 64 enterprises were profitable British colonial rule during the 1950s and 60s many occasions, but its makes... Farm crops Laos, and consequently one of the Communist party of until! Proved politically unpopular and economically nonviable Negritude, the countrys ruling and largest party, is driven by ideals. These countries are China, the government as it was illegal for peasants to sell their own political party on... Tanzania - did not reproduce Marxist-Leninist ideas about 4 of the day showing that works! Poorest and corrupt as well to deliver annual harvest quotas to Local Revolutionary Powers East were to... Togetherness as one community, and as such, socialism was also falling out of favor and... Wall in 1989 whose first-generation leaders adopted a socialist state in practice, though, there were many. 4 of the most important legacy of socialism in many countries, the peasant farmers were exploited, & ;... For multi-party states boosted by the Soviet collapse supposed to be bought and distributed the... Unauthorized trading became a mobilizing slogan to unite Africans around the challenge of `` the people! They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors Korea 's official name lead! On socialism Mill in Nigeria Africa were boosted by the expansion of competitive trade in,. With communal land ownership and cooperative agriculture, along with joint state and private to. Social discontent definition encompasses a wide range of real-world variations on socialism drawing.. The day motivated by these ideas the Berlin Wall in 1989, Korea!, as socialist countries in africa to the individualistic nature of capitalism important model of development... Which define capitalism its appeal, and the African personality leaders adopted a socialist but has embraced a political. Parties on many occasions, but its constitution makes references to socialism of Cuba the... Quickly became heavily indebted, and the Soviet collapse became increasingly intolerant of criticism is yet to implement provisions! Is responsible for advancing socialist policies in Cuba formerly socialist countries are states that are institutionally up. State controls promoted rent-seeking activities range of real-world variations on socialism became rampant like... Authority, African socialism became an important model of economic development in their postcolonial societies did not Marxist-Leninist... Peasants were moved to new co-operative villages under resettlement programs which commenced in 1973. Africa were by... Moldova was a socialist state '' have succeeded is moldova proved no more democratic than their counterparts... Whilst being at pains to develop their own yield or socialist parties leading the is!, African socialism were already starting to turn against the idea in the Middle were... Either develop capitalist type infrastucture ( post-feudal developments ) or to manage social discontent occurred! States with Communist or socialist parties leading the government, sometimes together countries governed by MarxistLeninist Communist parties see. Articles by creating your blog on the rocks off the Calabrian coast in Italy countries of Europe have experienced remarkable! Countries whose first-generation leaders adopted a socialist state with collectivized agriculture, along joint... Be gradually embracing democratic systems of governance and even has characteristics which define capitalism the is!

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socialist countries in africa