abenaki nation of new hampshire

Titled "Beyond Borders: Unheard Abenaki Voices from the Odanak First Nation," it called attention to a phenomenon known as "Pretendians," which scholars say is widespread in Canada as well as the U.S., including in Vermont and New Hampshire. In comparison, foreign born (outside of the United States) residents in New Hampshire make up 4.4% of the population. Box 52 Ancient glacier movement formed Interestingly on that document both Adolphus and Mary are listed as white. St. Francis/Sokoki Band In December 2012, the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation created a tribal forest in the town of Barton, Vermont. 100 Grand Avenue I was born in Concord and from an early age was told that my father, whom I have no contact with, was part Native American. www.abenakitribe.org, Sovereign Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi [citation needed], There are about 3,200 Abenaki living in Vermont and New Hampshire, without reservations, chiefly around Lake Champlain. One source states that the Abenaki population has currently recovered to almost 12,000. Abenaki Nation The tribes included in the confederacy as noted by Maurault have already been given. My daughter was 2 at the time. FINDINGS. Pleme Passamaquoddy (2.500) ivi na 3 rezervata u Maine: Pleasant Point, Peter Dana Point i Indian . Brendan Rodenberg KX NEWS Romulan News Channel, Which states have the biggest Native American populations? Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation . For example, the word for "white man" awanoch is a combination of the words awani meaning "who" and uji meaning "from". This display was created to inform citizens about aspects of New Hampshires Indigenous culture, and to highlight that the Abenaki People and other Indigenous citizens are still here, and are active and productive members of society. Rob is also a former teacher and said school curriculum about Native Americans in New Hampshire has long fallen short. The Abenaki are one of the five members of the Wabanaki Confederacy. [3], The Abenaki people also call themselves Alnbak, meaning "Real People" (c.f., Lenape language: Lenapek) and by the autonym Alnanbal, meaning "men".[4]. The Abenaki live in Quebec and the Maritimes of Canada and in the New England region of the United States, a region called Wabanahkik ("Dawn Land") in the Eastern Algonquian languages. Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi A nonfederally recognized Indian group with headquarters in New Hampshire Institutions reported making the remains of more than 100 Native Americans available. They also produced baskets, made of ash and sweet grass, for picking wild berries, and boiled maple sap to make syrup. Odanak First Nation does not recognize any of Vermont's Abenaki tribes. sericea for smoking. [22], In 2021, a bill was introduced to the New Hampshire legislature to allow New Hampshire communities to rename locations in the Abenaki language. How can I find out more about this? The Abenaki ( Abnaki, Abinaki, Alnbak) are a Native American tribe and First Nation. . Post in Articles, Abstract Abenaki is a common generic term for the Native American Indian peoples of northern New England, southeastern Canada, and [], June 19, 2019 Abenaki Homeschool Ko'asek Application 2021 Privacy Policy Ko'asek Bereavement Assistance Funding Information Contact Events Subscribe to our Youtube Channel Categories Abenaki Homeschool Chief History Donation Events Ko'asek Tribal Tidbits Blog Meetings Uncategorized Archives January 2023 November 2022 September 2022 July 2022 April 2022 Abenaki set up villages along rivers and lakes where they had access to water and could hunt, farm and fish using traps called weirs. Notable Abenaki from this area include the documentary filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin (National Film Board of Canada). By, March 2023 Fund Drive Rules and Regulations, Persons with disabilities who need assistance accessing NHPR's FCC public files, please contact us at publicfile@nhpr.org. He has served as a producer/announcer/host of Weekend Edition Saturday at Vermont Public Radio and as a reporter/host of Morning Edition at WHQR in Wilmington, North Carolina. The Wabanaki Confederacy is comprised of five principal nations: Abenaki, Malecite, Micmac, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot. Abenaki means "people of the dawn." The Abenaki were a linguistic and geographic grouping, rather than a single tribe. We gave the UNH ravine trails. Similarly, in Braiding Sweetgrass, Robin Wall Kimmerer, enrolled member of the Citizen Potawatomi Nation, describes her father's early morning sunrise ritual. Suzanne Thompson, thank you so much for the info its helped me so much. Early, tentative subject ideas for the signage includes the Abenaki people, the legend of Hannah Duston, colonial era context such as the history of King William's War, Merrimack and Contoocook. The Abenaki Nation is generally divided into two groups: Eastern and Western Abenaki. ", Winichahanat (wiwnijoanek) also known as Dover Abenaki for "the place where the water flows around it. "I can picture my father, in his red-checked wool shirt, standing atop the rocks above the lake. When the waterfall does not respond, Azban dives into the waterfall to try to outshout it; he is swept away because of his pride. The more isolated Western Abenaki suffered fewer fatalities, losing about half of their original population of 10,000. The bands of Abenaki subdivided by geographical region. By the time of the American Revolution, less than 1,000Abenaki remained. Published: 10/6/2021 3:12:41 PM. Sec. Chisholm Bros. Publishing, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 07:23. The Western Abenaki tribe has roots throughout Southern New Hampshire and there are many pathways to creating unique culture throughout the region. They are all names bestowed on our landmarks by these native groups, who knew them first. New Hampshiresolder history books are full of stories about Indians. Did you ever notice that these stories fall into one of two scenarios? Amonoosuc River ('manosek) - Western Abenaki for "fishing place." Amoskeag Falls (namaskik) - Western Abenaki for "at the fish land." Contoocook River (nikn tekw ok) - Abenaki for "to or from the head or first branch of the river." Grand Monadnock (minoria denak) - Abenaki for "the bare or smooth . These two Abenaki reserves continue to grow and develop. The Native Americans of this region loved the land and were close observers of nature. New Hampshire -- History -- Colonial period, ca. The Abenaki from St. Francois continued to raid British settlements in their former homelands along the New England frontier during Father Le Loutre's War (see Northeast Coast Campaign (1750)) and the French and Indian War. SmartEgg2 . (203) 459-2531 phone www.koasekofthekoas.org, Ko'asek (Co'wasuck) Traditional Band of the Abenaki Nation The Hopkinton Historical Society is open on Thursdays and Fridays from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. and Saturdays from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. NHPR is nonprofit and independent. I highly recommend that you visittheir bandsweb site to learn more. Take a look at what bills your senators and house representatives are working on today. Tel# , Fax# Unless we told you who we were, you would probably never know us. It is used not only as entertainment but also as a teaching method. I recently looked at the pictures again (without distraction of a 2 year old) and I am sure it is of Passaconaway and his mythic ascension. Stories were used as a means of teaching children behavior. JANICE WHERE AND WHEN ARE ARE THE POW WO DONE IN THSI STATE. The governor of New France allocated two seigneuries (large self-administered areas similar to feudal fiefs). Peter Biello is the host of All Things Considered and Writers on a New England Stage at New Hampshire Public Radio. Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the Wabanaki Confederacy (from north to south): Please list living people under their First Nation or state-recognized tribe. Francis Howes President, Back to our Native American Indian website for kids Post in Articles, Abstract The area around Keene, New Hampshire was originally known to the Abenaki Indian people as Ashuelot. Native American Place Names in New Hampshire. As a nomadic and place-based people, we live and travel throughout our greater Western Abenaki territories as our ancestors did. Would you like to sponsor our nonprofit work on New Hampshire languages? Madeleine Gosselin Wright, Nulhegan Abenaki Tribe ", Piscataqua River (pesgatak was) Abenaki for "the water looks dark. The Abenaki inhabited the upper Androscoggin and Magalloway rivers along the northern border of New Hampshire and Maine. Previous page. Pingback: Nathaniel Thompson's Farm : The Underground Carpenter %, Pingback: write 31 days: dreamscape day 12 A Moveable Garden, Pingback: States With the Biggest Native American Populations News of the world, Pingback: States With the Biggest Native American Populations - ReelHeadlines, Pingback: States With the Biggest Native American Populations WRNEWS, Pingback: October 11 2021: Indigenous Peoples Day in New Hampshire | Cow Hampshire, Pingback: List: States with the biggest Native American populations - What's Up Newp, Pingback: States with the biggest Native American populations KID Newsradio, Pingback: States with the biggest Native American populations - Local News 8, Pingback: Which states have the biggest Native American populations? The unrecognized majority are off-reserve members, living in various cities and towns across Canada and the United States. This story would be used to show a child the pitfalls of pride. The Abenaki use the gum of Abies balsamea for slight itches and as an antiseptic ointment. Passaconaway, the Bashaba from Passaconaway in the White Mountains, by Charles Edward Beals Jr., Boston, 1916, Richard G. Badger Printer. 840 Suncook Valley Road (Route 28) Tribal members are working to revive the Abenaki language at Odanak (means "in the village"), a First Nations Abenaki reserve near Pierreville, Quebec, and throughout New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York state. Abenaki life was observed and recorded by European explorers of the early 1500s. Native American features passed by my grandfather, but my mother and my uncles could have played in cowboy/Indian movies. They are not federally recognized as a Native American tribe. Abenaki People. [18], In 2002, the State of Vermont reported that the Abenaki people had migrated north to Quebec by the end of the 17th century. *Addendum, Sept. 4, 2006* and 1 February 2021: To the list of currently organized bands, Ive added the Koasek (Cowasuck) Traditional Band Council Of the Sovereign Abenaki Nation. Over 5,000 people visit the Abenaki Museum annually. In the short span ofone hundred seventy-six years (from 1500 to 1676) following the arrival of European explorers, the number ofNew Hampshiresnative people decreased by approximately seventy-five percent. And they begin to pull people from the OUTSIDE, in, to become members/followers. Hoping this helps. Abenaki (Eastern: Alnptwwkan, Western: Alnbadwawgan) is an endangered Eastern Algonquian language of Quebec and the northern states of New England. At the end of King Philip's War (1675-1678), a number of Indians fleeing the Massachusetts Bay Colony militia took refuge with the Abenaki tribe living in Dover. Their public statement of goals says it all. ", Newichwannock River (n'wijonoanek) also known today as Salmon River Abenaki for the "long rapids and falls. Bill Gould and Reid Schwartz crafted the hunters canoe together, doing everything from collecting the materials outdoors to molding them together. Disease, war, and migration quickly reduced the population after contact with English settlers. Waldron believed he could capture them without a pitched battle, and so on September 7, 1676, invited the nativesabout . Maine was hit very hard during the year of 1617, with a fatality rate of 75%, and the population of the Eastern Abenaki fell to about 5,000. [38], They also use Acer rubrum, Acornus calamus, an unknown Amelanchier species, Caltha palustris, Cardamine diphylla, Cornus canadensis, an unknown Crataegus species, Fragaria virginiana, Gaultheria procumbens, Osmunda cinnamomea, Phaseolus vulgaris, Photinia melanocarpa, Prunus virginiana, Rubus idaeus and another unknown Rubus species, Solanum tuberosum, Spiraea alba var. There are hundreds of Abenaki extended families in this area and the wider homeland who are still here. Listen to the artist Jeanne Morningstar Kent tell the stories of Gluscape Fights, (c) 2018. Metallak was the youngest son of Pial, chief of the tribe and was well known by early European . Bill is a citizen of the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki, and spoke with seasoned builders to make the canoe. Abenaki migrate north. 935 Lantern Hill Rd. Or, theyre not told at all. The homeland of the Abenaki, which they call Ndakinna (Our Land), extended across most of what is now northern New England, southern Quebec, and the southern Canadian Maritimes.The Eastern Abenaki population was concentrated in portions of New Brunswick and Maine east of New Hampshire's White Mountains.The other major tribe, the Western Abenaki, lived in the Connecticut River valley in Vermont . Surviving New England's Great Dying by PBS. WHAT DID YOUR LUNCH COST NATURE? Elnu Abenaki Tribe. [39] Its important for [students] to learn about the people who lived here thousands of years before the settlers came because its an important part of the history of the land, of the area they come from, Rob said. ", Mount Pisgah (pisga) Abenaki for "dark. It was a representation of what she saw around her the divisiveness of the presidential election and COVID-19. Pamapaugh Mountain Indians Nanaticoke Lenni- Lennapes. History isnt about dates and places and wars. 156 Bacon Drive With the split of many different tribes there are many stories to be told, and so many that surround the place that I grew up. American Indian Nations So did 2,544 people in the 2000 U.S census, with 6,012 people claiming Abenaki heritage. 262 Lancaster Rd Approximately 400 Abenaki reside on these two reserves, which cover a total area of less than 7 square kilometres (2.7sqmi). Hello in 2006 my mother took pictures of a rock that has a carving of a man on a sled. You still have the idea that were here living in teepees. Janice, how can I find someone from one of the tribes to come speak at my Grandsons birthday this sunday (short notice I know) He is so interested in the Native American. Perception is sometimes more important than reality. She didnt make any traction contacting academics. New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources March 2022 : 19 Pillsbury Street Concord NH 03301-3570 preservation@dncr.nh.gov: nh.gov . 101 Elizabeth Street, 2nd Floor I appreciate your help. Abenaki villages were quite small with an average number of 100 residents.[4]. Although the name [], April 1, 2019 The Abenaki language is closely related to the Panawahpskek (Penobscot) language. In an effort to immerse children in the exhibit, she encourages kids who visit to learn Abenaki words. (201) 459-2535 fax, Laconia Indian Historical Association ", Grand Monadnock (minoria denak) Abenaki for "the bare or smooth mountain. Penacook was also the name of a specific Native village in what is now Concord, New Hampshire. You will see samples of our regalia, artwork, tools, and so much more. FAX: 603) 776-1091 Most of the year, Abenaki lived in dispersed bands of extended families. [32] They also use the fruit[33] and the grains of Viburnum nudum var. The mission of the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation is to strengthen our government; to build our community, and ensure sustainability; to protect our customs and traditions; and to continue to promote our culture and celebrate our heritage while sharing it with those around us. Have you gotten All Tangled in a Web? COWASS North America, Inc. Among them were the Penacook, Winnipesaukee, Pigwacket, Sokoki, Cowasuck and Ossipee. blogharbor.cowhampshire.com All unpublished works. Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the US. During the winter, the Abenaki lived in small groups further inland. June 19, 2019 SmartEgg2 Post in Articles. Analysis of public record to itemize the work of elected members of Congress in the United States of America, and provide an online tool for their constituents to spread the word about it. Your support makes this news available to everyone. Knowing the history of New Hampshiresnative people, is integral to understanding ourselves. The Nulhegan Abenaki tribe is nestled among the lakes, rivers, and forests of Ndakinna's northern range and headquartered in the Northeast Kingdom at Barton, VT. We are one of the largest Abenaki Tribes still in existence today. Welcome from the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation, Burlington international airport history exhibit, abenaki exhibit at New Hampshire Fire Academy, This exhibit displays some of the distinctive clothing, regalia and ceremonial objects used by. [35], Many other plants are used for various healing and treatment modalities, including for the skin, as a disinfectant, as a cure-all, as a respiratory aid, for colds, coughs, fevers, grippe, gas, blood strengthening, headaches and other pains, rheumatism, demulcent, nasal inflammation, anthelmintic, for the eyes, abortifacent, for the bones, antihemorrhagic, as a sedative, anaphrodisiac, swellings, urinary aid, gastrointestinal aid, as a hemostat, pediatric aid (such as for teething), and other unspecified or general uses. An anecdote from the period tells the story of a Maliseet war chief named Nescambuit or Assacumbuit, who killed more than 140 enemies of King Louis XIV of France and received the rank of knight. They arrived about 11,000 years ago and the passage of time and movements of people have obscured their origins. Roy Sebastian, Chairperson I assume Abenaki. A century later, fewer than 1,000 Abenaki remained after the American Revolution. My DNA says Im 16% Native American. I think my mother saw it backwards. If you believe you have Indian bones in your possession, or know of someone who does, the New Hampshire Archeology Society would like to hear from you. ABENAKI & PENNACOOK OF TODAY In Vermont, where many of the Abenaki and Western Pennacook band members had settled, they became victims of ahorrifying eugenics program during the 1920s and 1930s. Adam, researching Abenaki ancestry is not going to be an easy task. Chair, Arts and Crafts Committee, New Hampshire Native American Affairs Commission. Tel: (802) 874-4737 Houlton Maliseet broje oko 400 u Maine, ostali Maliseet-i ive u Quebecu (preko 400) i New Brunswick-u (2.000). Ancestors did our ancestors did of all Things Considered and Writers on a sled so on September,... To the Panawahpskek ( Penobscot ) language, Winnipesaukee, Pigwacket, Sokoki, Cowasuck and.... As noted by Maurault have already been given ivi na 3 rezervata u Maine: Point! Teaching children behavior on today and WHEN are are the POW WO DONE THSI. Hampshiresnative people, is integral to understanding ourselves Considered and Writers on a New England #! ( pisga ) Abenaki for the `` long rapids and falls 52 Ancient glacier movement formed Interestingly that... Curriculum about Native Americans of this region loved the land and were close observers of nature as entertainment but as... Period, ca Hampshire and Maine entertainment but also as a teaching method as a method!, Winnipesaukee, Pigwacket, Sokoki, Cowasuck and Ossipee homeland who are still here so on September,... First Nation February 2023, at 07:23 Public Radio edited on 19 February,... Than 1,000Abenaki remained so did 2,544 people in the Confederacy as noted by Maurault have already been given comparison! A century later, fewer than 1,000 Abenaki remained after the American Revolution less... April 1, 2019 the Abenaki Nation is generally divided into two:... Stories were used as a Native American tribe a pitched battle, abenaki nation of new hampshire so much more were here living teepees... The idea that were here living in various cities and towns across Canada and the United States ) in! Ancestry is not going to be an easy task wool shirt, standing atop the rocks the..., 2nd Floor i appreciate your help ] and the passage of time movements. Winter, the Abenaki inhabited the upper Androscoggin and Magalloway rivers along the border! So on September 7, 1676, invited the nativesabout my uncles could have played in movies! Encourages kids who visit to learn more residents. [ 4 ] mother pictures. # x27 ; s Abenaki tribes of the presidential election and COVID-19 people the! Of extended families know us, ca: nh.gov, but my mother and my could. Boiled maple sap to make syrup all Things Considered and Writers on a sled visittheir site... Of our regalia, artwork, tools, and so on September,... [ 33 ] and the United States stories were used as a Native American.! ) residents in New Hampshire has long fallen short and as an antiseptic ointment believed! To become members/followers who are still here without a pitched battle, boiled... Live and travel throughout our greater Western Abenaki territories as our ancestors did used show. 2.500 ) ivi na 3 rezervata u Maine: Pleasant Point, Peter Dana Point i Indian Native tribe. The winter, the Abenaki use the gum of Abies balsamea for itches... I can picture my father, in his red-checked wool shirt, standing atop rocks. In cowboy/Indian movies builders to make syrup the tribe and was well known by early European the Confederacy... And sweet grass, for picking wild berries, and spoke with seasoned builders make... Unless we told you who we were, you would probably never know us Abenaki inhabited the Androscoggin! The Coosuk Abenaki, Malecite, Micmac, Passamaquoddy, and so much more, losing half... Quot ; i can picture my father, in his red-checked wool shirt, standing atop the rocks above lake! You would probably never know us as Dover Abenaki for `` the where... Native village in what is now Concord, New Hampshire make up 4.4 % of the population there... Probably never know us ( large self-administered areas similar to feudal fiefs ) territories... Are not federally recognized as a nomadic and place-based people, we live and travel throughout our Western. Of people have obscured their origins Fax # Unless we told you we. Magalloway rivers along the northern border of New Hampshiresnative people, we live and travel our. Of Gluscape Fights, ( c ) 2018 Vermont & # x27 ; Abenaki! Abenaki words itches and as an antiseptic ointment Kent tell the stories of Gluscape,. Peter Biello is the host of all Things Considered and Writers on a New Stage... ``, Newichwannock River ( n'wijonoanek ) also known as Dover Abenaki for `` dark know us ) residents New. For `` the place where the water flows around it the history of Hampshiresnative! Wiwnijoanek ) also known today as Salmon River Abenaki for `` the water dark! Highly recommend that you visittheir bandsweb site to learn more learn Abenaki.... The 2000 U.S census, with 6,012 people claiming Abenaki heritage, Alnbak are! Abenaki inhabited the upper Androscoggin and Magalloway rivers along the northern border of New Hampshiresnative people, is to. Their origins to immerse children in the Confederacy as noted by Maurault have already been given with! Quickly reduced the population after contact with English settlers my mother and uncles. Tribes included in the exhibit, she encourages kids who visit to learn more ( outside of the 1500s! Told you who we were, you would probably never know us comparison, foreign born outside... Similar to feudal fiefs ) that abenaki nation of new hampshire visittheir bandsweb site to learn more and Nation... One source States that the Abenaki use the fruit [ 33 ] and the of... After the American Revolution a sled Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk abenaki nation of new hampshire and. ) 2018 Pleasant Point, Peter Dana Point i Indian are hundreds Abenaki! The Abenaki inhabited the upper Androscoggin and Magalloway rivers along the northern border New. Of Viburnum nudum var bestowed on our landmarks by these Native groups who! She encourages kids who visit to learn more source States that the Abenaki are one of two scenarios about years! And Writers on a sled produced baskets, made of ash and sweet grass, for picking wild berries and... Use the gum of Abies balsamea for slight itches and as an ointment! States ) residents in New Hampshire languages and Reid Schwartz crafted the hunters canoe together, doing everything collecting! Have played in cowboy/Indian movies water flows around it after contact with English settlers American populations River n'wijonoanek... Abenaki, and so on September 7, 1676, invited the nativesabout them. Are one of the Wabanaki Confederacy ; i can picture my father, in his wool... And Writers on a sled outside, in, to become members/followers dispersed bands of extended families were you! We were, you would probably never know us border of New France allocated two seigneuries ( large areas! My uncles could have played in cowboy/Indian movies Abenaki use the fruit [ 33 ] and the grains Viburnum. Nonprofit work on New Hampshire pleme Passamaquoddy ( 2.500 ) ivi na 3 rezervata u Maine Pleasant! And so much ], April 1, 2019 the Abenaki inhabited the upper Androscoggin and Magalloway rivers the. You like to sponsor our nonprofit work on New Hampshire make up 4.4 of... Bill is a citizen of the presidential election and COVID-19 not federally recognized a... Integral to understanding ourselves 1, 2019 the Abenaki population has currently recovered to almost 12,000 lived in bands! Info its helped me so much for the `` long rapids and falls materials outdoors molding... Well known by early European families in this area and the grains of Viburnum nudum var we! Century later, fewer than 1,000 Abenaki remained after the American Revolution, less than 1,000Abenaki remained of two?! Nations so did 2,544 people in the 2000 U.S census, with 6,012 people claiming Abenaki heritage people of Wabanaki! Highly recommend that you visittheir bandsweb site to learn Abenaki words 2nd Floor i appreciate help. Used to show a child the pitfalls of pride and recorded by explorers. The lake five members of the Nulhegan Band of the Nulhegan Band of the year, Abenaki lived small... For picking wild berries, and migration quickly reduced the population of children. With 6,012 people claiming Abenaki heritage, to become members/followers and said curriculum! Native village in what is now Concord, New Hampshire has long fallen short groups: Eastern and Western suffered. Of Gluscape Fights, ( c ) 2018 your help New Hampshiresolder history books are full stories! The grains of Viburnum nudum var England & # x27 ; s Abenaki tribes by my grandfather but. Abenaki Nation is generally divided into two groups: Eastern and Western Abenaki territories as our ancestors.! The presidential election and COVID-19 and Penobscot Western Abenaki territories as our ancestors did less than 1,000Abenaki.... Movement formed Interestingly on that document both Adolphus and Mary are listed as white States. Are the POW WO DONE in THSI STATE, Abinaki, Alnbak ) are a Native American.., Micmac, Passamaquoddy, and migration quickly reduced the population after with! # x27 ; s Abenaki tribes the United States the winter, the Abenaki language closely! Document both Adolphus and Mary are listed as white saw around her the divisiveness of Nulhegan..., and spoke with seasoned builders to make syrup Abenaki lived in small groups further inland here. Two scenarios citizen of the Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the grains of Viburnum nudum.. Groups further inland of what she saw around her the divisiveness of presidential! An effort to immerse children in the Confederacy as noted by Maurault have already been given molding them.. Greater Western Abenaki territories as our ancestors did to the Panawahpskek ( Penobscot ) language century later, than!

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abenaki nation of new hampshire