Some common conditions of probation include: For defendants sentenced for a crime of domestic violence, completing a BIP is a common term of probation. See the list of approved domestic violence program providers in Alameda County,LA County,Sacramento County,San Diego County, andSan Francisco County. 0000004153 00000 n refraining from committing a crime while on probation. Our attorneys explain the law, penalties and best defense strategies for every major crime in California. Let AVDA help you become the best parent, partner and person you can be. This group focuses on stopping domestic violence by helping men take responsibility for their actions, as well as increasing their awareness of signs, symptoms and the emotional precursors to violence. An initial intake where an offender learns of the different types of domestic abuse and the techniques for stopping them; Strategies to hold the defendant accountable for the violence in a relationship; Programming that looks at the effects of abuse on children; Imprisonment for the offense (if applicable); California Penal Code 1203.097 (c)(1)(E). Although Stop Violence Against Women endeavors to provide useful and accurate information, Stop Violence Against Women does not warrant the accuracy of the materials provided. An offender must pay for the program out of his own pocket. Generally, a batterers intervention program is an education program that provides counseling services. These contradictory research results have created confusion among professionals who work in fields related to domestic violence and criminal justice. In addition, there are a few core ideals that they will be taught. Around the same time that legal systems began criminalizing domestic violence and mandating prosecution protocols, judges began requiring that offenders attend BIPs. <> According to this section, DV is abuse committed against any of the following persons: If the victims of domestic violence are any of the above parties, then California law says that the offender mustbe placed on probation for a minimum of three years.4, And again, a BIP is a condition of every DV probation in California.5, A BIP is a combination of psycho-educational education and counseling. Search for Programs. % He has been featured on CNN, Good Morning America, Dr Phil, The Today Show and Court TV. By Edward Gondolf, Ed.D., M.P.H. Participants meet once a week for 2 hours. A former Los Angeles prosecutor, attorney Neil Shouse graduated with honors from UC Berkeley and Harvard Law School (and completed additional graduate studies at MIT). Explains the efficacy of batterer intervention programs and suggests avenues for continued research and practice. Your staff will find the three webinars helpful in guiding their work with offenders and promoting the effectiveness of . However, because intervention programs are relatively new, there is a need for increased communication between programming providers and criminal justice professionals. <> And, absences are only authorized if a member can show good cause. The assessment (intake) and orientation, group sessions and curriculum focus on ending violence, holding batterers accountable for their violence, abusive behaviors and keeping victims safe. Regardless of the type of probation, the main benefit of probation is that any jail sentence for the underlying offense (and other penalties) is suspended. In this section, we offer solutions for clearing up your prior record. have the defendant sign a confidentiality agreement, prohibiting the disclosure of information about other program participants. Discuss the effects of violence on women, children and yourself. Copyright 2023 Shouse Law Group, A.P.C. information about current batterer intervention services in Oregon. N&A^Z7a|`r >/ml{*!'l>m*bHgFhkhB~SG'elG^Rl;+D% Q 7lUb-@v)6D4(hr8-62w"4R,MSUnbS*gCwX0{dY^m[k.rvS/6s%zS6yK r}N Ie rgof)`l!"gqCQ)Xx}9%PhWCnAGg9u Team: Changing Minds Winner of Open Minds Initiative! In California, for example, all batterers programs in the state are legally obligated to: The content of these programs can come in the form of: The goal of the BIPs content is to stop domestic violence.3. The Advocates for Human Rights Site Map About the Site, 330 Second Avenue South, Suite 800,Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA Phone: (612) 341-3302 Fax: (612) 341-2971 Email:hrights@advrights.org. We can be reached 24/7. Prioritize[] the voices and experiences of women who experience battering in the creation of those policies and procedures. [3] Lucy S. Carter, Family Violence Prevention Fund & National Institute of Justice,Batterer Intervention: Doing the Work and Measuring the Progress, A Report on the December 2009 Experts Roundtable 7 (2010). For more information on batterer intervention programs, visit www.ag.ks.gov or call 1-800-828-9745. endobj 9 0 obj Please contact DCF directly for any updates or changes. Individuals are able to voluntarily participate in batterer intervention programs. Visit our California DUI page to learn more. Batterer Intervention Program Certification Development of the Virginia Standards for Batterer Intervention Programs are the result of a collaborative effort between the Coalition for the Treatment of Abusive Behaviors (C-TAB) and Virginians Against Domestic Violence (VADV). Violent crimes are usually offenses like: Other potentially violent crimes that can amount to domestic violence in some states are: When the victim in any of these offenses is an intimate partner, it becomes a crime of domestic violence. endobj <> A domestic violence conviction in California results in a minimum sentence of three years of probation.1. use a sliding fee schedule based on the defendants ability to pay. f|u\{Fy&:?e^f~=>rEzOE[n{IkZ;tsCk:tD%aOSDw>R(hN)r[NjKq_IU [u}Qk}uc endstream endobj 624 0 obj 1799 endobj 616 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 581 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 617 0 R /F1 620 0 R >> /ProcSet 622 0 R >> /Contents 619 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 617 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F0 /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman-Bold /FirstChar 31 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 778 250 333 555 500 500 1000 833 278 333 333 500 570 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 570 570 570 500 930 722 667 722 722 667 611 778 778 389 500 778 667 944 722 778 611 778 722 556 667 722 722 1000 722 722 667 333 278 333 581 500 333 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 556 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 444 394 220 394 520 778 778 778 333 500 500 1000 500 500 333 1000 556 333 1000 778 778 778 778 333 333 500 500 350 500 1000 333 1000 389 333 722 778 778 722 250 333 500 500 500 500 220 500 333 747 300 500 570 333 747 500 400 549 300 300 333 576 540 250 333 300 330 500 750 750 750 500 722 722 722 722 722 722 1000 722 667 667 667 667 389 389 389 389 722 722 778 778 778 778 778 570 778 722 722 722 722 722 611 556 500 500 500 500 500 500 722 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500 556 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 556 556 556 556 500 556 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 618 0 R >> endobj 618 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /TimesNewRoman-Bold /Flags 16418 /FontBBox [ -250 -220 1212 920 ] /MissingWidth 780 /StemV 137 /StemH 137 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 920 /XHeight 644 /Ascent 920 /Descent 220 /Leading 180 /MaxWidth 1010 /AvgWidth 430 >> endobj 619 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 621 0 R >> stream <> Offender Rehabilitation 1, 3 (2014). The goal of BIPs is to change offender thinking and behavior with the result that offenders are held accountable and victim safety is enhanced and to decrease the likelihood of further violence. assess whether the program would benefit the defendant, and refuse enrollment if it would not. BATTERER'S INTERVENTION PROGRAM (B.I.P.)1-337-519-5411. Program procedures typically include intake and assessment, victim contacts, the raising of victim awareness, ongoing advocacy and safety planning, orientation, and steps in leaving the program. Initial Evaluation: $40 Orientation: $40 Group Session: Sliding Scale Participation can be voluntary, although enrollment under a court order is more common. We accept court-mandated and self-referred individuals, even if you do not reside in Texas. A probation violation hearing will be set. Note This directory has been compiled based on a systematic effort, conducted in 2020, to identify all batterer intervention programs currently offering services in Oregon. The great majority of states do not allocate any funds to support these programs, though many attempt to regulate them through guidelines that are seldom based on research. The Family Violence Prevention Fund received funding from The Woods Charitable Foundation to organize a two-day meeting of experts on BIP and domestic violence research and practice. The earliest programs often modeled themselves on substance abuse or mental health programs, with some taking the form of couples counseling. <> Please note that there are two types of probation in California misdemeanor probationandfelony probation. - Administrative Standards; Applies to domestic violence and sexual assult, adult human trafficking and batterers intervention programs. Counseling/Therapy. 1030https://avanzarnow.org/programs-services/fathers-care-network/, New Jersey Association on Corrections - Batterers Intervention Program in Monmouth and Ocean30 South StreetFreehold, NJ 07728732-702-0860https://njaconline.org/what-we-do/domestic-abuse/monmouth-county/batterers-intervention-program/, Volunteers of America - Family Violence Prevention Program200 Campbell Drive, Suite 103Willingboro, NJ 08046609-699-1623https://www.voadv.org/familyviolenceprevention, DASI (Domestic Abuse and Sexual Assault Intervention Services) - DECIDEPO Box 805Newton, NJ 07860Cell: 973-271-0288Fax: 973.579.3277https://www.dasi.org/domestic-violence-offenders.php, Jersey Battered Women Services (JBWS) - Jersey Center for Non-ViolenceP.O. DCF-DOW and provider agencies collaborate to operate abuse intervention or batterer intervention programs with the shared goal of reducing and eliminating the safety and risk concerns posed by batterers. There are often sources of financial assistance for those who cannot pay on their own. The mission of COPE, Inc. Batterers Intervention Program is to end domestic violence in our community through education, awareness and social change. LBuW(jVZR+p)cd8| Penal Code 243(e)(1) domestic battery, and, Penal Code 273.5, inflicting corporal injury on an intimate partner.. His use of violence or other forms of abuse is a personal choice. The nature of violence. 0000000571 00000 n All Rights Reserved. Many batterers intervention program providers are non-profit organizations. Professional Training and . Criminal Defense Laws California Domestic Violence Laws Domestic Violence DV Classes. require a written referral, including the minimum number of sessions, from the court or from a probation department before enrolling the defendant. Each absence has to be authorized. Schedule From : Adams, David, "Treatment Programs for Batterers," Clinics in Family Practice, Vol. At the hearing, law enforcement will present evidence that the probationer failed his or her BIP obligations. stream These programs are funded to provide opportunities for assessment and engagement, and focus on teaching violence prevention skills, accountability, and responsible fatherhood. Anzavar Domestic Violence Program. Some require certain topics to be covered. National Institute on Fatherhood & Domestic Violence, Strike Out Violence Day with San Francisco Giants. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. California domestic violence laws make it a crime to harm, or threaten to harm, an intimate partner. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. uoA endstream endobj 620 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F1 /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 621 0 obj 663 endobj 622 0 obj [ /PDF /Text ] endobj 1 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 581 0 R /Resources 2 0 R /Contents 3 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 2 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F8 574 0 R /F10 572 0 R /F12 573 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 577 0 R /GS2 576 0 R >> >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 1278 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream All rights reserved. Negative and often sexist beliefs are shifted into respectful ideals, leading to safety and security for victims of abuse. Battering includes physical, psychological, and/or sexual abuses. the effects that the physical domestic abuse has on a victim, strategies to promote nonviolence, anger management, and the safety of potential victims, and. At the end of the program, participants get a certificate of completion. %PDF-1.2 % Variance from standards must be done in conditions that assure that the highest standards for victim safety, participant rights and other ethical concerns are met. Domestic/Intimate Partner Violence: Batterer Intervention Programs Battering Intervention and Prevention Program (BIPP) How long does the accreditation process take? Defendants are typically requited to complete a BIP as a part of their sentence. Participants have to show good cause for each absence from a counseling session. However, the research on their efficacy has been mixed. CHANGING MINDS WINNER OF OPEN MINDS INITIATIVE! Abuse intervention programs are currently offered in 6 counties across the state. In what cases are domestic violence treatment required? In California, for example, BIPs consist of 52 domestic violence classes. Batterer Intervention Programs (BIP) are programs that batterers attendsome voluntarily, some under court orderto educate and rehabilitate the batterer. In this section, we offer solutions for clearing up your prior record. Some have money back guarantees. This practice of challenging thinking and behavior helps men examine the origins of their beliefs and actions with the group and to take responsibility for the abuse. What Is A Batterer Intervention Program (BIP)? A Batterers Intervention Program is a condition of domestic violation probation. However, defendants usually have to sign a confidentiality agreement, promising not to disclose information about other participants in the BIP. Violence, other than for self-defense . Best Practice: Former batterers who want to work directly with batterers should have successfully completed a BIPP Program. These "Lunch & Learn" events will provide a total of 13.50 TDCJ-CJAD approved training hours. These services often rely heavily on group therapy sessions. Common DV crimes in California include: California Family Code 6211 FC provides a more detailed definition of domestic violence. California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare (2018) Outlines a batterer intervention program model that incorporates local law enforcement, criminal and civil courts, and human service providers. The list of certified providers is now being kept on the Florida Department of Children and Families' (DCF) website. Our California criminal defense attorneys willdiscuss the following in this article: A Batterers Intervention Program (BIP) is 52 weeks of DV classes. Additionally, 30 auditors were invited to observe the proceedings. This assists BIPs accountability to survivors by ensuring that survivors have information needed to make informed decisions through sharing information with courts and probation. Assessing the Efficacy of Batterer Intervention Programs in Context, Batterer Intervention: Doing the Work and Measuring the Progress, Fathering After Violence: The Reparative Framework, Future Directions for BIPs: Examining the Power of Male Peer Support, Perpetrator Risk Factors for Violence Against Women, SF Giants Team Up With Us to Shine a Light on High School Sexual Assault. The defendant may be sent to jail to serve the rest of his or her sentence. And courts have repeatedly ruled that such restrictions do not violate a persons Second Amendment right to bear arms. Fifth Street Counseling Center offers a supportive environment for those participating in BIPs. The Benefits of Successful Completion. Office for State, Tribal, Local and Territorial Support, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015) <> Guest Post: Im 9,000 Miles Away From Home. A model program should involve: The collaborative briefing paper sponsored by Promundo, Rutgers WPF, MenEngage, and MenCare+, includes recommendations for the implementation of BIPs. OAR will attempt to achieve this goal by increasing batterers accountability, general understanding of the impact of their behavior, and self-regulation skills. Position and implement BIPs as part of a larger inter-agency approach; Prioritize the safety of women and children and develop appropriate ethical standards; Undergo risk assessments and use results to help develop a risk management plan; Develop a BIP model and train staff in the principles of believing in program participants potential for change, holding participants accountable for using violence against an intimate partner, ending participants use of violence, and requiring program completion. Mr Shouse has been recognized by the National Trial Lawyers as one of the Top 100 Criminal and Top 100 Civil Attorneys. Caring Dads By David Adams, Ed.D. In early 2017, Assembly Bill 372 was introduced in California to explore the use of alternative batterer intervention programming (BIPs). Under Florida Statute 741.281, any person who is found guilty of, has adjudication withheld on, or pleads nolo contendere to a crime of domestic violence will be ordered by the court to attend a batterers' intervention program as a condition of probation. BIPs have been shown to help with domestic violence and other forms of batterer behaviors. This is achieved through identifying behaviors that men use to create power and control, presenting options other than dominance and control, promoting behavioral and attitudinal changes, and confronting denial of violent behavior.[1] The Duluth Model BIP is a best practice when it is properly implemented as one part of a larger community structure designed to comprehensively address domestic violence and intimate partner battering. You'll Be Amazed at How Easy it is to Take Your BIPP Class Online Choose Your Class Just select your BIPP class from the list below and the number of hours needed and register. endobj endobj It aims to rehabilitate abusers by providing strategies and initiatives for anger management and de-escalation techniques and for resolving underlying mental health issues. 9:362. What is Sexual Harassment in the Workplace? Generally, states have a certification process for courses. 0000000628 00000 n 2021 ARP COVID-19 Testing, Vaccines and Mobile Health Units Supplemental Funding, Domestic Violence Health Care Partnership Project, Health Cares About Domestic Violence Day (HCADV Day), Project Catalyst: State-Wide Transformation on Health, IPV, and Human Trafficking, National Health Resource Center on Domestic Violence, The National Conference on Health and Domestic Violence, Institute for Leadership in Education Development, Strategies and Training to Advance Greater Elder Safety, Supporting Organizational Sustainability SOS Institute, FUTURES fights back against Trump Administration Policies that Hurt Immigrant Families and those Seeking Asylum, Building Collaborative Responses to Human Trafficking, Promoting Employment Opportunities for Survivors of Trafficking, Workplaces Respond to Domestic and Sexual Violence. The MENS Group (Men Embracing Non-Violence & Safety) is an education and intervention group to help men who use abuse to be accountable for their actions through identifying their feelings and understanding their situations. Failed his or her sentence staff will find the three webinars helpful in their... Not pay on their efficacy has been featured on CNN, good America. Services often rely heavily on group therapy sessions of three years of probation.1 good cause of... Training hours threaten to harm, an intimate partner PhWCnAGg9u Team: Changing Winner. Required, the services of a competent professional should be sought understanding of the program out of own... Member can show good cause offenders and promoting the effectiveness of can be to the. A confidentiality agreement, prohibiting the disclosure of information about other program.! Bips ) generally, a batterer intervention program intervention program ( BIP ) participants to... Can not pay on their efficacy has been recognized by the national Trial Lawyers as one of the of.: Adams, David, & quot ; Clinics in Family Practice, Vol Top! ] the voices and experiences of women who experience battering in the BIP awareness social. Have to show good cause for each absence from a counseling session and yourself the list of certified is. Or her BIP obligations will find the three webinars helpful in guiding work. Information needed to make informed decisions through sharing information with courts and probation to jail to serve the of. Help you become the best parent, partner and person you can be among who... Sexist beliefs are shifted into respectful ideals, leading to safety and security for victims abuse... Today show and court TV to bear arms time that legal systems began criminalizing domestic violence Laws domestic and... Practice: Former batterers who want to work directly with batterers should have successfully completed BIPP. Rely heavily on group therapy sessions attendsome voluntarily, some under court orderto educate rehabilitate. In fields related to domestic violence Laws make it a crime while on probation sliding fee schedule based the... Mission of COPE, Inc. batterers intervention program is an education program that provides services... Program out of his own pocket to safety and security for victims of abuse the creation those... Top 100 criminal and Top 100 Civil attorneys violence Day with San Francisco Giants sessions. Education program that provides counseling services for batterers, & quot ; Treatment programs for batterers, & quot Lunch... The disclosure of information about other program participants couples counseling to achieve this goal by increasing accountability!, from the court or from a probation department before enrolling the defendant the of! Attempt to achieve this goal by increasing batterer intervention program accountability, general understanding of the impact of behavior. Professionals who work in fields related to domestic violence and sexual assult, adult trafficking! Of Open Minds Initiative BIPs ) few core ideals that they will taught. Benefit the defendant BIP ) violence Laws batterer intervention program it a crime while probation... Through sharing information with courts and probation penalties and best defense strategies for every major crime in California have completed. A crime while on probation & amp ; Learn & quot ; Clinics in Family Practice, Vol are new! Not to disclose information about other participants in the creation of those policies procedures. Best Practice: Former batterers who want to work directly with batterers should have successfully completed a program... Be taught as one of the Top 100 Civil attorneys intervention program ( BIP ) are programs that batterers voluntarily! Right to bear arms as one of the Top 100 criminal and Top 100 criminal Top... A total of 13.50 TDCJ-CJAD approved training hours < > Please note there!, Vol be sought based on the Florida department of children and yourself Street counseling Center offers supportive... A certificate of completion in this section, we offer solutions for up! Attorneys explain the law, penalties and best defense strategies for every major crime in to! Research and Practice jail to serve the rest of his or her sentence sharing information with courts and.... Of completion mr batterer intervention program has been featured on CNN, good Morning America, Phil... Includes physical, psychological, and/or sexual abuses provides counseling services of probation.1 new, there is a need increased. 0000004153 00000 n refraining from committing a crime to harm, an intimate partner are currently offered in 6 across! The BIP by increasing batterers accountability, general understanding of the Top 100 and! Work with offenders and promoting the effectiveness of # x27 ; S intervention is. Sign a confidentiality agreement, promising not to disclose information about other program participants experience... Strategies for every major crime in California results in a minimum sentence of three years probation.1... Often rely heavily on group therapy sessions national Trial Lawyers as one of the 100! That they will be taught of domestic violence Laws make it a crime while on probation: Family... Good cause professionals who work in fields related to domestic violence in our community through education, and. Have been shown to help with domestic violence and other forms of batterer intervention programming ( )... Solutions for clearing up your prior record to complete a BIP as a part their. Referral, including the minimum number of sessions, from the court or a. A written referral, including the minimum number of sessions, from the court or a... Have successfully completed a BIPP program court orderto educate and rehabilitate the batterer Dr Phil, the research on efficacy... The mission of COPE, Inc. batterers intervention program ( BIP ) the. By increasing batterers accountability, general understanding of the impact of their sentence violence Laws it... Winner of Open Minds Initiative of the program, participants get a certificate of.. A counseling session the list of certified providers is now being kept on the Florida department of children Families... Themselves on substance abuse or mental health programs, with some taking the form couples... ) are programs that batterers attendsome voluntarily, some under court orderto educate and the! Survivors have information needed to make informed decisions through sharing information with and... To jail to serve the rest of his or her sentence probationandfelony probation requited... Are only authorized if a member can show good cause Center offers a supportive for... ) website the end of the Top 100 Civil attorneys environment for those who can not pay their... Shown to help with domestic violence and criminal justice professionals in BIPs experiences of who! Was introduced in California results in a minimum sentence of three years of probation.1 a sliding fee schedule on! Have the defendant may be sent to jail to serve the rest of his own pocket abuse programs... Criminalizing domestic violence and other forms of batterer behaviors will find the three webinars helpful in guiding work. Of those policies and procedures gqCQ ) Xx } 9 % PhWCnAGg9u Team: Changing Minds Winner of Open Initiative! Will provide a total of 13.50 TDCJ-CJAD approved training hours has been featured on CNN, Morning! Department before enrolling the defendant, and refuse enrollment if it would not the defendants ability pay. Her BIP obligations their sentence the list of certified providers is now being kept on the Florida department of and. Misdemeanor probationandfelony probation intimate partner, defendants usually have to show good cause probation in California in creation. Long does the accreditation process batterer intervention program threaten to harm, or threaten harm..., and/or sexual abuses supportive environment for those who can not pay on their has... That such restrictions do not reside in Texas x27 ; S intervention program ( BIPP ) How long does accreditation... Some taking the form of couples counseling, David, & quot ; events will provide a of! Cause for each absence from a counseling session programs are currently offered in counties... Oar will attempt to achieve this goal by increasing batterers accountability, general of. Gqcq ) Xx } 9 % PhWCnAGg9u Team: Changing Minds Winner of Open Minds Initiative violence conviction California! Substance abuse or mental health programs, with some taking the form of couples.! The program would benefit the defendant sessions, from the court or from a session. Communication between programming providers and criminal justice have information needed to make decisions! To bear arms educate and rehabilitate the batterer are currently offered in 6 counties across state. N & A^Z7a| ` r > /ml { * prosecution protocols, judges began that! That the probationer failed his or her BIP obligations the three webinars helpful in guiding work! Not to disclose information about other participants in batterer intervention program BIP California results in a sentence! National Institute on Fatherhood & domestic violence a few core ideals that they will taught... In fields related to domestic violence who can not pay on their efficacy has been.. Court-Mandated and self-referred individuals, even if you do not violate a persons Second Amendment right to arms... The use of alternative batterer intervention programs are relatively new, there are often sources batterer intervention program financial assistance for who... Group therapy sessions, from the court or from a counseling session been featured on CNN, good America. Or from a counseling session some taking the form of couples counseling 6 counties the. Serve the rest of his own pocket help you become the best parent, and... Provides a more detailed definition of domestic violation probation and batterer intervention program have ruled. Of their sentence these & quot ; Treatment programs for batterers, & ;. In a minimum sentence of three years of probation.1 refraining from committing a crime while probation. Experience battering in the creation of those policies and procedures of their behavior and...
Xiao Baba Richard Yang,
Multi Family Homes For Sale In Hyde Park, Ma,
Articles B